Measures

UN Women also worked with governments, parliamentarians, civil society and other partners to ensure that normative progress at global level was translated into strengthened legal protections against all forms of VAWG, as outlined in the Handbook for Legislation on Violence against Women. Laws are essential, and Countries with comprehensive domestic violence laws report 9.5% lower rates of intimate partner violence compared to those without legislation. Between 2022-2023, with UN women’s support 177 laws were adopted, revised or repealed to advance gender equality and women’s empowerment with a focus on EVAWG.  

Specific examples of UN Women’s work include:

North Macedonia: Supported amendments criminalizing femicide, stalking, and online sexual violence.

• Nigeria: Expanded the Violence Against Persons’ Prohibition (VAPP) Act, increasing its adoption from 25% in 2019 to 97% in 2023.
• Safe and Fair Programme (Asia): Strengthened laws protecting migrant women in:
  • 79 laws and policies were adopted by 2023 through support of this Spotlight Initiative.
  • The Philippines (Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act, 2022).
  • Thailand (Damages for Injured Person Act amendments).
  • Vietnam (Law on Domestic Violence Prevention and Control, 2022).
• Ecuador: Assisted in implementing a National Protocol for Investigating Femicide, leading to better case tracking and prosecution.
• Femicide Legislation in Latin America: Collaborated with MESECVI to provide a model law on femicide/feminicide, addressing severe violations of women's human rights and analyzing existing legislation to provoke debate and improvement.
• UN Women supported CSOs to successfully advocate against repeal of FGM bans in The Gambia by mobilizing advocacy efforts through AC GBV and the ACT programme.
• Under the Spotlight Initiative, ROAP provided technical inputs to over 130 laws and policies, of which 79 were adopted, enhancing legal protection frameworks for women migrant workers. 

With the Initiative’s support, 50 countries strengthened their National Action Plans to eliminate violence against women and girls. National Action Plans can help ensure that policies are adequately funded and importantly implemented, leading to increased accountability, including in vulnerable and marginalized communities. Additionally, since Spotlight Initiative’s inception, 311 new sectoral strategies, plans, and programmes addressing VAWG have been developed across 13 countries. 

Examples of achievements in the development and implementation of policies to strengthen protections for women and girls include the following: 

• Malawi: Spotlight Initiative supported the development of the Gender and Anti-Sexual Harassment Policy in higher education. Adopted by 22 universities, the policy further institutionalizes response to sexual and gender-based violence and improves access to sexual and reproductive health and rights services in higher learning institutions. The policy outlines referral pathways available at individual institutions in cases of sexual assault or harassment, facilitates access to family planning and HIV services, and prohibits discrimination against women who are pregnant.  
• Zimbabwe: Similarly, Spotlight Initiative supported the development of the first-of-its-kind policy on combating sexual assault on college campuses across Zimbabwe. The policy provides a framework for higher education institutions to prevent and respond to cases of sexual violence, establishing reporting mechanisms and protections for survivors, and ensuring that institutional policies align with national laws on gender-based violence. 
• Papua New Guinea: Working with policymakers and others, Spotlight Initiative supported the launch of the Special Parliamentary Committee on Gender-Based Violence, leading to the first-ever public inquiry into GBV in the country. This process provided a direct avenue for civil society to engage with policymakers and resulted in national funding and dedicated budgets to operationalize the National GBV Secretariat. The inquiry also marked the first instance where the police and justice sector had to formally answer for inaction and impunity in GBV cases.  
• Philippines: Spotlight Initiative Safe and Fair programme supported the development of the Department of Migrant Workers Act (Republic Act No.11641 in the Philippines). The Act establishes a new department to regulate the recruitment and service provision of overseas migrant workers, regardless of their legal status, and provides reintegration and skills development for returning migrant workers. Importantly, the Act designates that gender focal points–with a specific remit to focus on ending violence against women and girls–be instituted in Philippine missions abroad, representing the first time a major labour migration law in the Philippines includes a specific provision to address violence against women and girls (regardless of the survivors’ legal status).  
• Niger: In 2021, Spotlight Initiative engaged National Assembly deputies in capacity-building on gender budgeting and gender mainstreaming. This led to a parliamentary resolution ensuring that gender is systematically considered in national plans, budgets, and policies. 
• Guyana: The Initiative supported the development of a new Family Violence Bill, which replaces the outdated Domestic Violence Act and significantly improves support for survivors through a more robust, survivor-centred response. A new harassment bill is also in development. 

As a result of the Initiative's contributions (noted above, and across its programmes): 

• Governments are increasingly allocating resources to address VAWG, ensuring that commitments translate into tangible action.  
• Institutions now have clearer mandates, protocols, and accountability mechanisms, improving response systems and survivor support.  
• Survivors of violence have greater access to justice, protection, and essential services, particularly in higher-risk environments such as campuses, workplaces, and informal sectors.  
• Civil society organizations and local actors are more empowered to advocate for systemic change, leading to stronger, community-driven approaches to VAWG prevention. 

By investing in and strengthening policy frameworks, the Initiative helped expand protections for women and girls and further institutionalize efforts to prevent and respond to VAWG into national and local governance structures. Cross-sectoral, well-resource commitments to end violence helps to ensure progress continues long after direct programme support concludes.  

Inadequate public investments in essential services and care infrastructure continue to impede women’s ability to fully participate in the economy, access justice and social protection, and live free from violence. With support from UN-Women, over nine and a half million women, across 79 countries, including many survivors of violence and internally - displaced women and refugees, accessed information, goods, resources and/or services. Forty-nine countries have implemented systems, strategies and/or programmes to advance women’s equal access to and use of services, goods and/or resources (including social protection), and 60 countries have strengthened protocols, guidelines and initiatives to prevent and respond to violence against women. Meanwhile, more than 6,600 organizations across 87 countries have enhanced capacities to deliver and/or monitor essential services, goods and resources for women and girls in humanitarian and development settings. Pervasive unequal social norms affect the daily experiences of women everywhere and present a significant obstacle to achieving structural change. With dedicated focus on transforming inequitable gender norms, 15 countries have adopted comprehensive, coordinated strategies for preventing violence against women. 

Specific examples of UN Women’s work include:

UN Women enhanced survivor access to essential services:

• Antigua and Barbuda: Supported the establishment and operationalisation of the first Support and Referral Centre (One-Stop Centre)
• Moldova: Opened its first Centre for Specialist Services for sexual violence survivors.
• Bangladesh: Expanded Victim Support Centres to nine police stations, improving survivor access to justice.
• Jamaica: Supported the establishment of DV zero-rated hotline and Domestic Violence Intervention Centres DVICS).
• St. Lucia: Supported the establishment of a One-Stop Centre in partnership with the Caribbean Development Bank and NGM.
• Ukraine: Partnered with JurFem to provide legal, medical, and psychological support to survivors of conflict-related sexual violence.
• Nigeria: Established a Private Sector GBV Fund, expected to aid 10,000 survivors.

UN Women strengthened the capacity of institutions and service providers:

• Developed the Handbook on Gender-Responsive Policing Services, now used in police training in multiple countries.
• Implemented a gender-responsive policing programme in Trinidad and Tobago, training over 400 police officers and embedding the programme into the Police Academy.
• Led the first-ever Gender-Responsive Policing Summit, setting new standards for policing practices.
• Supported Latin America’s Model Protocol for Investigating Femicide, helping 18 countries criminalize femicide.
• Trained 770 national and local institutions across 49 countries, enhancing survivor-centered service provision.
• UN Women strengthened survivor-centered multisectoral services through supporting use of the Essential Services Package for Women and Girls Subject to Violence in translation, and the ASEAN Regional Guidance on Social Work Services. This includes support for GBV counsellor training packages, national service protocols, and ESP practice-based knowledge reflections.

Addressing violence against women and girls requires a whole-of-society approach, ensuring that all key actors–civil society organizations (CSOs), government institutions, law enforcement, judicial systems, and media–have the knowledge and skills to prevent and respond effectively. Capacity-building is essential to fostering sustainable, systemic change. Without proper training, institutions risk reinforcing harmful norms, mismanaging cases, or failing to allocate adequate resources to address gender-based violence.  

Spotlight Initiative made strategic investments in training and capacity development to strengthen the ability of CSOs, policymakers, and law enforcement agencies to advance gender equality and effectively address violence against women and girls. These efforts included training parliamentarians on gender-responsive budgeting, equipping police forces with survivor-centred investigative techniques, and strengthening civil society organizations to engage with government entities and drive change at the grassroots level.  

CSOs play a critical role in driving accountability, advocating for policy reforms, and providing essential services to survivors. Over the course of the Initiative, more than 5,500 women’s rights organizations, social movements, and civil society actors received support to enhance their capacity to prevent and respond to violence against women and girls. This included training on advocacy strategies, financial management, programmatic implementation, and engagement with government institutions to secure policy commitments and funding.  In the Pacific Regional Programme, Spotlight Initiative partnered with 39 national, local, and grassroots women’s organizations across ten countries to establish new and unique partnerships with government entities through the Pacific People’s Advancing Change (PPAC) grant-giving programme. In Niue, the Makefu Women’s Council collaborated with public safety and health sector officials to ensure their 24-hour helpline was operational for LGBTIQ+ communities, expanding access to vital services.  

Ensuring that commitments to gender equality are backed by sustainable funding requires policymakers who understand how to integrate gender considerations into national budgets. Since 2019, Spotlight Initiative has trained 1,992 parliamentarians and 9,297 government officials in gender-responsive budgeting, enabling them to advocate for and secure increased budget allocations to address gender-based violence. In Liberia, capacity-building efforts led to the establishment of gender-responsive budgeting units within multiple ministries, increasing national budget allocations for sexual and gender-based violence from zero in 2020 to USD 500,000 in 2022. In Papua New Guinea, technical assistance and training efforts helped secure the country’s first-ever national budget line for violence against women and children, which was subsequently increased in the following year. These investments demonstrate the power of training to drive policy change and ensure sustained funding for violence prevention and response efforts.  

Law enforcement officers are often the first point of contact for survivors, making their training critical to ensuring that responses are survivor-centred, effective, and aligned with human rights principles. However, without proper training, police forces may perpetuate stigma, discourage survivors from reporting, or fail to handle cases effectively. Spotlight Initiative supported police training efforts in multiple countries to strengthen institutional responses to gender-based violence. In Trinidad and Tobago, over 400 police officers received training in gender analysis, equipping them with the skills to provide survivor-centred services and referrals. The Initiative’s “training of trainers” model ensured that knowledge was institutionalized, leading to broader cultural shifts in policing. Similarly, in El Salvador, training for judicial actors and law enforcement personnel contributed to the adoption of a national protocol for investigating and prosecuting femicide cases, strengthening accountability within the justice system.  

Training and capacity-building efforts must be sustained across all sectors to ensure a comprehensive and effective response to violence against women and girls. By strengthening the knowledge and skills of civil society organizations, parliamentarians, law enforcement, and judicial actors, Spotlight Initiative contributed to long-term institutional change. These efforts ensure that national policies were properly funded, that survivors receive justice, and that systemic approaches were embedded at all levels to prevent and respond to gender-based violence.

At the global level, UN Women delivered trainings through the Inter-agency Coordination group Against Trafficking in Persons (ICAT) on mainstreaming gender into efforts to prevent and address trafficking of women and girls.

UN Women ROAP invested in its prevention capacity through the Asia-Pacific Regional Strategy on VAW Prevention, aligned with RESPECT Women. It strengthened technical support to offices through learning exchanges and guidance tools such as the ESP Foundational Elements Appraisal Tool.

Since its inception, the Spotlight Initiative has made significant strides in addressing technology-facilitated gender-based violence (TF GBV). A key activity includes the development of a Digital Gender Violence virtual course in Argentina, as part of a broader initiative on comprehensive sexuality education. The Central Asia and Afghanistan Regional Programme hosted the Spotlight Digital Challenge, educating youth on the dual nature of technology, both as a tool to end violence and as a medium for perpetuating online violence. The Latin America Regional Programme, in partnership with the Behavioral Insights Team, explored the rise in online violence and cyberbullying during COVID-19 and utilized behavioral science to develop innovative strategies for addressing these issues. In Vanuatu, the Initiative partnered with the Internet Governance Forum to generate data on students’ experiences with online violence, and supported the development of a National Plan for Child Online Protection. In Zimbabwe, Spotlight supported the Data Protection Act, enacted in December 2021, which provides one of the most comprehensive legal frameworks in southern Africa to address online violence, including non-consensual image-based abuse. 

The Initiative’s comprehensive approach involves collaborating across agencies and with donors to implement legal reforms, raise awareness, and build data-driven interventions. Additionally, Spotlight has hosted events such as the Unfollowing Misogyny session at the SVRI Forum and has recently been invited to contribute to the UNFPA Advisory Board on TFGBV, solidifying its role in global efforts to combat TF GBV.  

Complementing strong and comprehensive legal frameworks, UN Women supports the development and implementation of national action plans (NAPs) for EVAWG that are critical for a coordinated approach to implementing national laws. The Handbook on multisectoral national action plans68 and the Handbook on Multisectoral National Action Plans to Prevent Violence against Women and Girls69 have been guiding UN Women’s work and supporting governments on developing responsive, evidence-based and well consulted NAPs to prevent violence against women and girls. Between 2022- 2023, UN Women supported 64 multi-sectoral strategies, action plans and policies adopted to support EVAWG. 

Specific examples of UN Women’s work include:

• Trinidad and Tobago: Led the creation of the first  costed National Strategic Action Plan on GBV (2023–2027).
• Fiji: Guided the National Action Plan to Prevent VAWG (2023–2028), based on consultations with 2,000+ stakeholders.
• Samoa: Developed a National Prevention Framework, integrating EVAWG into national planning.
• Cambodia: Provided technical assistance for its National Action Plan on VAWG (2019–2023).

As part of its triple mandate, UN Women has continued to support the development of global normative standards and the full implementation by Member States to of the existing international and regional legal and policy framework on ending violence against women and girls, including the CEDAW Convention and other international and regional human rights treaties, and relevant resolutions of the General Assembly and Human Rights Council, through its operational functions and UN system coordination and broader convening role on EVAWG.  

Specific examples of UN Women’s work include:

• Drafted UN Secretary-General reports on:
  • Eliminating all forms of violence against women and girls (A/79/500) – 2022, 2024
  • Ending female genital mutilation (A/79/514) -2022, 2024
  • Trafficking in women and girls (A/79/322) - – 2022, 2024
• Provided technical support for a UN General Assembly resolution on survivors’ access to justice, strengthening international commitments.
• Supported CSW67, ensuring technology-facilitated GBV (TF GBV) was recognized as a critical emerging issue.
• In 2024, UN Women co-developed new Human Rights Council resolutions on domestic violence (A/HRC/53/L.5/REV.1) and TF GBV (A/HRC/56/L.15), ensuring international recognition of digital violence against women.
• Worked closely with the EDVAW Platform (7 UN entities) to address the backlash against women’s rights, strengthen legal frameworks, and combat new forms of violence exacerbated by climate change and digitalization.
• UN Women Americas and Caribbean RO works with the Follow-up Mechanism of the Belém do Pará Convention (MESECVI) to develop tools and resources to strengthen the implementation of the Belém do Pará Convention in the region.
  • In the framework of the Programme ACT, UN Women ACRO is working with the MESECVI to develop the Inter-American Model Law on TFVAWG
• UN Women Americas and Caribbean RO worked with the Center for Justice and International Law (CEJIL) to establish international standards for investigating threats against human rights defenders in the framework of the Esperanza Protocol.
• UN Women Americas and Caribbean RO works with the Gender Specialized Network of the Ibero-American Association of Public Ministries (REG-AIAMP) to develop regional frameworks for the investigations of violence against women. In the past years, the REG-AIMP adopted, with the support of UN Women ACRO, the following:
  • Working Methodology for the Adaptation Process of the Latin American Model Protocol for the Investigation of Gender-Related Violent Deaths of Women (Femicide/Feminicide) by the United Nations
  • Protocol for the Investigation and Litigation of Cases of Violent Deaths of Women (Femicide)
  • Organized or Complex Crime and Violence Against Women: Proposed Guidelines for the Public Prosecutors' Offices / Prosecutors General Members of the AIAMPUN Women supported ASEAN’s implementation of the Regional Plan of Action on EVAWG and led development of the ASEAN Guidelines for Developing National SOPs for a Coordinated Response to VAWG, aligning with international human rights norms.

Through the UN system, coordinated efforts were accelerated to combat intersecting forms of violence, through joint global, regional and country programmes, the Generation Equality Action Coalition on Gender-based Violence, and UN multi- partner trust funds. For example, in 2023, across 57 countries, more than $109.6 million was disbursed to civil society organizations working towards the achievement of women’s rights, including through the Spotlight Initiative, the UN Trust Fund to End Violence Against Women (UN Trust Fund), and the Women’s Peace and Humanitarian Fund (WPHF). Over 12,300 civil society organisations or mechanisms, across 84 countries, enhanced leadership capacity and enabled meaningful and safe engagement in decision-making. In 25 countries, 75 initiatives were developed and implemented to prevent, monitor and mitigate violence against women in politics and public life. 

UN Women strengthened coordination within the UN system and across sectors to enhance global EVAWG efforts:

• As the Secretariat of the UN Inter-agency Working Group on EVAWG, UN Women facilitated collaboration among 14 UN agencies, leading to 538 new measures to strengthen survivor services in response to COVID-19.
• As the technical lead of Spotlight Initiative during Spotlight 1.0, UN Women played a leadership role representing the Recipient UN Organizations in the highest governing body and holding technical coherence role in 23 out of 32 programmes, reflecting UN Women’s expertise and experience.
  • UN Women was an implementing agency in 30 of the 32 programmes, responsible for the management of 38% (USD 192 M) of the global investment and worked across all outcome areas (laws and policies, institution strengthening, prevention, response, and women’s movement). UN Women’s programming through key partnerships led to impactful results, including:
  • Strengthening laws and policies: Contributed directly to strengthening 477 laws and policies that promote gender equality while supporting 35,000 women’s rights advocated to more effectively feed into laws and policies
  • Strengthening institutions: Supported capacity development of 6,637 government officials on gender responsive budgeting supporting 1,201 government officials to draft and cost action plans to end VAWG.
  • Enhancing prevention: establishing 83 men and boys networks to challenge tolerance of VAWG and supporting 234 awareness raising campaigns reaching over 172 million people.
  • Enhancing Response services: Supported efforts that contributed to 124,035 VAWG cases reported to the police
  • Strengthening women’s movement: UN Women directed USD 86 Million to women’s rights organisations and other civil society organisations[RR1]
• Essential Services Programme standardized multi-sectoral services in 90+ countries, improving access to quality health, legal, and social support.
• UN Women coordinates the Secretary General UNiTE by 2030 Campaign on behalf of the UN System. The campaign mobilized millions globally, with a record 34 million social media impressions in 2023. In 2024, UN Women supported the Office of the President of the General Assembly for a historic high-level meeting on the review of progress towards ending violence against women and girls.
• As co-lead of the Generation Equality Action Coalition on Gender-Based Violence, UN Women created significant momentum by providing a shared vision and accountability framework, resulting in over $5 billion in financial pledges on gender-based violence and the implementation of over 600 programmes supporting 389 new policies. 
• UN Women's Engagement in UN Action: UN Women is a leading entity in the UN Action Network. In coordination with the other 25 member entities, UN Women actively engages in high-level Steering Committee meetings and monthly technical-level discussions on situations of concern, advocacy, and knowledge building. UN Women leads the workstream on understanding the application of a survivor-centered approach, as enshrined in Security Council resolution 2467 (2019), and is engaged in workstreams on technology-facilitated conflict-related sexual violence, the MARA, the nexus of terrorism/violent extremism and CRSV, advocacy, and preventing CRSV. UN Women played a vital role in the development and implementation of the Framework for the Prevention of CRSV (2022), including its pilot roll-out in Ukraine in July 2024. Since 2022, UN Women has chaired the Resource Management Committee for a two-year term. UN Women currently benefits from the Conflict-related Sexual Violence - Multi-Partner Trust Fund as one of six implementing agencies of a joint catalytic project in Ukraine.
• The Inter-Agency Coordination Group against Trafficking in Persons (ICAT), a policy forum mandated by the UN General Assembly to improve coordination among UN agencies and other relevant international organizations to facilitate a holistic and comprehensive approach to preventing and combating trafficking in persons. UN Women attends as an active participant.
• Inter-Agency Gender Group (Grupo Interagencial de Género, GIG, in Spanish), a regional coordination mechanism in Latin America and the Caribbean, led by UN Women, that brings together United Nations agencies and sometimes other international organizations to promote gender equality and women’s rights. GIGs operate at both national and regional levels across Latin America and the Caribbean, and their agendas often reflect local gender priorities, such as: Ending violence against women and girls; Promoting political participation of women; Ensuring economic empowerment; Addressing the gender dimensions of climate change, migration, and health.
• UN Women supported the establishment of GBV inter-agency task forces in Dominica, Grenada, St. Lucia and St. Vincent and the Grenadines under the Build Back Equal Programme. 
• UN Women Regional Office for Asia - Pacific co-led implementation of the EU-UN Spotlight Initiative in the ASEAN region through the "Safe and Fair" programme focused on violence against migrant women. This included developing regional frameworks and supporting service delivery protocols and data systems in 9 countries. The programme reached over 427,000 women migrant workers with services and trained nearly 22,000 stakeholders. UN Women co-chairs and sustains the UNiTE Asia-Pacific Working Group with UNFPA, coordinating regional, joint UN action.

UNFPA plays a crucial role in supporting international legal and policy development on GBV through its active contribution to global frameworks, advocacy for key resolutions, and provision of technical expertise to shape international policies. 

Key Contributions and Global Frameworks 

• UN SG Reports on GBV: Given UNFPA’s extensive operational presence, it is a key contributor to the UN Secretary-General’s reports on GBV, ensuring the inclusion of critical data, analysis, and evidence to inform global policy decisions. 
• Special Representatives’ Reports: UNFPA also contributes to the reports of the Special Representatives on Violence Against Women and on Sexual Violence in Conflict, ensuring that programming realities, knowledge, and best practices from its operations in over 150 countries are reflected. 
• Support for Treaty Bodies and Frameworks: UNFPA contributes to international frameworks such as the Beijing Platform for Action, CEDAW, and other treaty body reporting mechanisms, ensuring that GBV is consistently addressed in international legal instruments. Additionally, UNFPA supports the implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 1325 and other relevant UN Human Rights Council resolutions on GBV. 
• Advocacy for National Legal Integration: UNFPA advocates for the integration of GBV prevention and response into national laws and policies, collaborating with governments to ensure that legal frameworks align with international human rights standards, and that the rights of women and girls are upheld globally. 

Global and regional Initiatives 

• Guidance on Technology-Facilitated GBV: In partnership with Derechos Digitales, UNFPA developed a Guidance for Rights-based Law Reform to address Technology-Facilitated GBV. This is a crucial step in shaping legal responses to emerging forms of violence. 
• AU Convention on Ending Violence Against Women and Girls: In 2024, UNFPA supported the African Union (AU) in developing a landmark Convention on Ending Violence Against Women and Girls. This first-ever continental legal instrument aims to prevent and eliminate all forms of violence against women and girls. The Convention was finalized at the end of 2024 and is expected to be endorsed in 2025. 
• Follow-up Mechanism of the Belém do Pará Convention: In 2024, UNFPA LACRO supported the Follow-up Mechanism of the Belém do Pará Convention in the Americas. This included contributing to the approval of Recommendation No. 5 on GBV against Afro-descendant women, which calls for a differentiated response to violence in contexts of racial discrimination.